{
  "id": "CVE-2012-0391",
  "url": "https://spydr.io/cve/CVE-2012-0391",
  "published": "2012-01-08T15:55:01.217Z",
  "modified": "2026-06-16T23:37:12.150Z",
  "score": 9.8,
  "severity": "critical",
  "cvss_version": "3.1",
  "vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
  "score_source": "NVD",
  "epss": 0.75599,
  "epss_percentile": 0.99509,
  "exploited": true,
  "kev": {
    "added": "2022-01-21",
    "due": "2022-07-21",
    "action": "Apply updates per vendor instructions.",
    "ransomware": "Unknown",
    "name": "Apache Struts 2 Improper Input Validation Vulnerability",
    "notes": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-0391"
  },
  "ssvc_exploitation": "active",
  "vendors": [
    "apache"
  ],
  "products": [
    "apache struts"
  ],
  "cwes": [
    "CWE-94"
  ],
  "description": "The ExceptionDelegator component in Apache Struts before 2.2.3.1 interprets parameter values as OGNL expressions during certain exception handling for mismatched data types of properties, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code via a crafted parameter.",
  "status": "Analyzed",
  "score_type": "Primary",
  "scores": {
    "cvss_v40": null,
    "cvss_v31": 9.8,
    "cvss_v30": null
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "url": "http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/bugtraq/2012-01/0031.html",
      "tags": [
        "Broken Link",
        "Exploit"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/47393",
      "tags": [
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "http://struts.apache.org/2.x/docs/s2-008.html",
      "tags": [
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "http://struts.apache.org/2.x/docs/version-notes-2311.html",
      "tags": [
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18329",
      "tags": [
        "Exploit"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/WW-3668",
      "tags": [
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.sec-consult.com/files/20120104-0_Apache_Struts2_Multiple_Critical_Vulnerabilities.txt",
      "tags": [
        "Broken Link",
        "Exploit"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2012-0391",
      "tags": [
        "US Government Resource"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "nvd_url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-0391",
  "covered_in": [],
  "attribution": [
    {
      "source": "NVD",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov",
      "notice": "This product uses data from the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD."
    },
    {
      "source": "CISA KEV",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog",
      "notice": "Known exploited vulnerabilities from the CISA KEV catalog."
    },
    {
      "source": "FIRST EPSS",
      "url": "https://www.first.org/epss",
      "notice": "Exploit prediction scores from FIRST EPSS."
    }
  ]
}