{
  "id": "CVE-2016-3081",
  "url": "https://spydr.io/cve/CVE-2016-3081",
  "published": "2016-04-26T14:59:02.207Z",
  "modified": "2026-10-08T18:17:11.817Z",
  "score": 8.1,
  "severity": "high",
  "cvss_version": "3.1",
  "vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
  "score_source": "CISA ADP",
  "epss": 0.93352,
  "epss_percentile": 0.99838,
  "exploited": true,
  "kev": {
    "added": "2026-10-08",
    "due": "2026-10-11",
    "action": "Apply mitigations in accordance with vendor instructions, ensuring compliance with CISA’s BOD 26-04 Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk (see URL in Notes) guidance and CISA’s “Forensics Triage Requirements” (see URL in Notes). Follow applicable BOD 26-04 guidance for cloud services or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable. Stakeholders are responsible for evaluating each asset's internet exposure and ensuring adherence to BOD 26-04 patching guidelines.",
    "ransomware": "Unknown",
    "name": "Apache Struts Command Injection Vulnerability",
    "notes": "This vulnerability could affect an open-source component, third-party library, protocol, or proprietary implementation that could be used by different products. For more information, please see: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/WW/S2-032 ; ; BOD 26-04: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/bod-26-04-prioritizing-security-updates-based-risk ; Forensics Triage Requirements: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/bod-26-04-implementation-guidance-prioritizing-security-updates-based-risk ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3081"
  },
  "ssvc_exploitation": "active",
  "vendors": [
    "apache",
    "oracle"
  ],
  "products": [
    "apache struts",
    "oracle siebel e-billing"
  ],
  "cwes": [
    "CWE-77"
  ],
  "description": "Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method: prefix, related to chained expressions.",
  "status": "Modified",
  "score_type": "Secondary",
  "scores": {
    "cvss_v40": null,
    "cvss_v31": 8.1,
    "cvss_v30": 8.1
  },
  "references": [
    {
      "url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/136856/Apache-Struts-2.3.28-Dynamic-Method-Invocation-Remote-Code-Execution.html",
      "tags": [
        "Exploit",
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20160527-01-struts2-en",
      "tags": []
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2016-2881720.html",
      "tags": [
        "Patch",
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2016-2881722.html",
      "tags": [
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/http/struts_dmi_exec",
      "tags": [
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/multi/http/struts_dmi_exec",
      "tags": []
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/87327",
      "tags": []
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91787",
      "tags": [
        "Third Party Advisory",
        "VDB Entry"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035665",
      "tags": [
        "Third Party Advisory",
        "VDB Entry"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-032.html",
      "tags": [
        "Patch",
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ]
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39756/",
      "tags": []
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2016-3081",
      "tags": []
    }
  ],
  "nvd_url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3081",
  "covered_in": [],
  "attribution": [
    {
      "source": "NVD",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov",
      "notice": "This product uses data from the NVD API but is not endorsed or certified by the NVD."
    },
    {
      "source": "CISA KEV",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog",
      "notice": "Known exploited vulnerabilities from the CISA KEV catalog."
    },
    {
      "source": "FIRST EPSS",
      "url": "https://www.first.org/epss",
      "notice": "Exploit prediction scores from FIRST EPSS."
    }
  ]
}